The CTD chain consists of multiple fin-shaped CTD probes aligned on a coated steel rope. In contrast to any other electronic oceanographic instrument, the underwater units are neither plugged to a cable nor equipped with batteries and data storage. Critical components such as underwater connectors, grommets and flanges were avoided by inductive coupling of the underwater units to the tow cable. The units may freely rotate on the cable, they are inhibited from gliding by removable stoppers. The cable, which is led through a ring core located at the edge of the sensor fin, acts as the primary coil of the inductive coupler that powers the sensor electronics. AC voltage with frequency 51 kHz is provided by a deck unit and fed into the tow cable. The primary circuit is closed by the sea water connecting an electrode at the chain tail with an electrode at the upper end or with the hull of the towing ship. Less than 1 Ampere of primary current suffices to energize the sensor fins. The voltage depends on the number of underwater units and the length of the chain.

The smallest CTD chain system consists of a deck unit and few sensor fins on a short insulated steel rope with some ballast or depressor, light enough to be deployed by hand over the railing. Larger systems require an efficient depressor with a swivel, an appropriate pulley similar to the one shown on the overview page, cable fairings, and a winch. The radius of the pulley and the winch drum must be sufficiently large that the pressure during system deployment and recovery acts only on the stoppers on both sides of a sensor fin, but not on the fin edge. The pulley may be replaced by an adequately shaped chute. Since there is always a trade-off between optimal area coverage and the breaking strength of the tow cable, fairings should never be waived, unless the system is only used while drifting. Fairings reduce cable tension and enlarge the depth range. The application of a cable tension meter is highly recommended.

The photograph on the left shows a considerable alternative to standard towing directly from the deck. Here the CTD chain was deployed from the German research vessel Planet together with a surface float. The tow cable and the plug for the electronic deck unit was handed over to the cooperating Swedish Urd, a boat of too small size for unassisted deployment, but appropriate for towing. Aside from easy transfer, a CTD chain hanging below a surface float has three more advantages. First, a float can be steered outside the wake. Second, under high sea state conditions a float moves less and thus produces less strain than the heaving stern. Finally, in the unlikely case of an unpredicted underwater obstacle such as a drifting net, the underwater system can be rescued if a weak link was included in the tow cable in front of the float. As a drawback a system with float requires higher effort during deployment and recovery.

The tow cable acts as a data bus. Each sensor fin has a unique 8-bit address. On reception of its address a sensor fin transmits the contents of the output buffers. The special address 0x00 is common to all sensor fins. It marks a cycle start and compels the sensor firmware to transfer instant measurements into the output buffers. This mechanism guarantees simultaneity within a chain record irrespective of the polling sequence. Digital data are transferred between deck unit and sensor fins as frequency encoded asynchronous serial 8-bit data plus parity. The bit rate is 9600 Baud. It takes about 9 milliseconds to send three 16-bit data items (T, C, P) and a checksum byte. While listening for data the deck unit is silent and thus does not deliver power to the fins. For proper energy transfer the address sending time is extended to several milliseconds. The sketch below illustrates the timing of the CTD chain system.

1 Supply power
2 Start address
3 Power-off time
4 Sensor address
5 Sensor message
6 Sensor fail

The recurrent on-off of the supply signal is controlled by the acquisition program running on a DOS computer or, newly, by a USB link between the deck unit and a PC running under Windows.

The AC signal transmitted through the tow cable and coupled to the sensor electronics is rectified and gathered in a capacitor which feeds the internal voltage regulators. When the capacitor voltage rises beyond an upper threshold, further supply is inhibited until the voltage drops below a lower threshold. During supply rejection the input impedance of the sensor fin becomes small. Therefore a current leveller should limit the maximum current in the CTD chain cable.

As soon as the internal voltage regulator delivers the correct voltage for operation, a micro-controller boots and takes control over digital circuits such as the channel selector, the AC-DC converter and the serial communication interface. The micro-controller firmware can be programmed to run in several modes of operation, among them a standard CTD mode with 20 simplex transmissions of a full data cycle per second. The operation mode and optional parameters are stored in non-volatile memory by a maintenance program. During data acquisition the operation mode is never changed. In the present context chain mode is the only mode of interest.

In chain mode a measurement cycle of conductivity, temperature and pressure is initiated every 50 milliseconds. An exponential filter is applied to each 16-bit binary data item x by the simple algorithm X:= X + a (x – X), where a is a number between 0 and 1. X is the current filter output. The default setting is a = 1/3 for pressure and a = 1 for temperature and conductivity, which results in an artificial time constant of 150 ms for pressure and no additional attenuation for the other variables. The frequency signal sent by the deck unit is continuously converted to a binary 0 or 1 by the circuitry in the underwater unit and connected with a serial port. The micro-controller program ignores all but its unique address and the start address 0x00. On detection of a start address the current filter values are transferred to output buffers. After receiving its own address the micro-controller turns on a binary to frequency converter and sends the buffer contents via its communications port.

Deck unit and data acquisition PC are separate items. An RS232 serial port interfaces deck unit. The RTS line of this port is used to switch the deck unit between sending and listening. Command bytes (addresses) are always issued at the end of a sending period. The frequency of the transmission to the CTD chain changes between 51 and 41 kHz at serial bit boundaries. When RTS drops off, the deck unit is ready to capture a sensor response, which is frequency encoded at 68 and 77 kHz, after less than 0.5 milliseconds. Frequencies are converted to binary signals and sent to the serial port.

The quick change between energetic transmission and delicate listening constitutes a challenge for the deck unit. Noise originating from heavy machinery such as cranes or inappropriate grounding can corrupt receptions from single sensor fins. Wave forms may be inspected by means of a storage oscilloscope connected to a BNC socket on the front panel of the deck unit. Another socket provides a trigger for the oscilloscope. The trigger can be timed for the enquiry of any specific sensor fin selected by the operator of the acquisition program. The DTR line of the RS232 interface is used for the transmission of the trigger signal to the deck unit.

The concept for data acquisition and chain operation was developed in the nineties. The acquisition program CTDCHAIN.EXE was written in Borland Pascal. It bends interrupt vector towards own service routines. It reads from and writes directly into ports of the PC hardware such as the UART, the 8253 timer, the 8259 interrupt controller, the CMOS Real time clock, the graphics controller and the EGA graphics memory. Only a single task operation system lets a user program take control over the most important hardware resources. A PC with an RS232 serial port (not an emulation via USB) running under DOS (not a DOS emulation) is therefore required for CTD chain control and data acquisition, if first generation ctdchain software is used for operation.

Since DOS computers with EGA graphics and RS232 communications ports have become outdated, it was time to change the data acquisition concept. Timing and control was moved into a link, which merely consists of a micro-controller with USB and serial communications ports. The link can be inserted between any deck unit and the USB port of a computer. New deck units have the USB link on board already. The first version of USB link firmware and the source code of a simple data acquisition program was released to the community of CTD chain users in May 2009. The final version of AcqChain, a convenient data acquisition and visualsation application for Windows computers, was delivered in autums 2011.

For further reading, e.g. about the measured temperature sensor response time or about power supply conditions on long chains, you are referred to J. Sellschopp, A towed CTD chain for two dimensional high resolution hydrography, Deep-Sea Research I, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 147-165 (1997). The CTD chain system underwent modifications and enhancements since then, but the overall functional description is still valid.

13-Dez-2013 js